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P. 8	Dostoevsky's suicide (Continuation) 6 However, it is time from conjectures, guesses and assumptions to return to a channel of strict text analysis. Dostoevsky's texts of data — unbearable — the period at us two: so-called «Siberian (or« Unbearable ») a writing-book» in which the writer secretly from observers and the heads, basically in hospital, brought marks, sketches, strokes, characteristic words-expressions ostrozhnogo the world; and — «Notes from the Dead house», included blshuju a part of records from this undercover writing-book. As well as it was possible to assume in advance, the suicide theme in these texts, as they say, takes place to be. Still! Already in the beginning of the head «First impressions» Dostoevsky in «Notes …» formulates as though philosophical aspect of punishment by penal servitude. Its burden consists not in difficulty and continuousness of job, and that it, this unbearable job — «forced, obligatory, under pressure». And further the writer comes to thought which, thanks God, did not come to heads of the higher heads eradicating criminality, namely: it will not be more terrible than punishment for any even the most inveterate convict if to force it to do senseless job — for example, to pour water from one tub in another or to move sand from one heap in another and back. Dostoevsky is categorical in the conclusions-assumptions: «… I think, the prisoner would hang in some days or would do one thousand crimes that though to die, yes to leave such humiliation, shame and a flour». Let's notice in passing, that, speaking about prisoners as though from the party, Dostoevsky itself is the prisoner-convict so the similar judgement, is probable, fair and in relation to it. But if Dostoevsky-ostrozhnik can-is ready hypothetically hang from «humiliations, shame and a flour» useless, senseless work «humiliation,» rozog it hardly would endure-has gone through shame and a flour … However, we will not come back more to a foggy question on Dostoevsky's corporal punishment, more correctly, we will look at this theme a little on the other hand: and how transferred similar punishment others — simple — convicts? In «the Dead house» are described in this connection some cases. One sentenced to birches, a whip or sticks took out punishment with firmness, others even before passage through a system tested terrible torments, suffered from intolerable fear, melancholy and horror. In «the Unbearable writing-book» at number 53 there is a short record: « Has changed a fate ». In« notes from the Dead house »it is developed in impressing episode: one young prisoner, the murderer sentenced to punishment by sticks, before zarobel, that has dared at extreme means — has insisted on fault njuhatelnyj tobacco and has drunk this otravnuju a mix on the eve of punishment. At it vomiting with blood has immediately begun, it has fallen down almost without consciousness, in some days the transient consumption otkrylas-has begun at the poor fellow, and in half a year he has died. As we see, it it is possible to name safely in the original exotic way of suicide. It has so amazed Dostoevsky, that the writer not only has told about him in« Notes from the Dead house », but also used-has applied it in the first poslekatorzhnom product — to lead« Uncle's dream », about what conversation at us ahead. But in general expression «has changed a fate» in unbearable conditions — concept rather wide. The prisoner before punishment has rushed on the chief with a knife and has removed punishment, but has received the additive to term — has changed a fate. Another has hit in run — has changed a fate … In essence, the despaired person changed the heavy, intolerable position on heavier and intolerable, but — if only to change a fate. One of the histories told in «the Dead house», is especially amazing. Very young, «extremely pretty boy» on a surname Sirotkin voluntary, on own will has got to termless branch of penal servitude for especially important military criminals, yes thus, having tried before it samoubitsja. And there was a following. It zabrili in soldiers. It has served year and has despaired. To it so toshno became, and he has decided to change by all means a fate. Also has thought up for this purpose the easiest and accessible way: Stood in sentry, has removed the right boot, has unlocked a bayonet from a gun, has put a barrel to a breast and the big toe has pulled the trigger. A misfire! Sirotkin full of determination, fresh to gunpowder on a shelf poured and more time has pulled the trigger. And again a shot has not followed!. It is necessary to present only a condition of the person, within five minutes twice trying to commit suicide. Also it is necessary to imagine thoughts-feelings of the writer-prisoner listening to some time after this story of the suicide-loser. Meanwhile, Sirotkin, having realised, that the God, is visible, interferes with its voluntary leaving from a life, but any more in forces to leave thought-dream on fate change — the original variant of suicide nevertheless chooses: during this moment the commander roty has approached on sentry and undertook to tell off private soldier Sirotkin for bad service, and that has intercepted a gun with already primknutym a bayonet napereves, and has thrust it on the barrel in a belly of the grown hateful officer-petty tyrant. Poor Sirotkin has changed a fate: Has passed four thousand sticks, has got to termless penal servitude, moreover and in addition became in a jail "cock" (whether there was in those days in a prison slang such mot-definition?), that is — object of homosexual delights ostrozhnikov. In the head «Resolute people. Luchka» Dostoevsky, arguing on these "resolute" convicts, comes to conclusion, that frequently murderers become murderers under influence of literally minute. That is, this same in essence — suffers, the person of circumstance suffers and, so to say, environment, yes suddenly and the fate vzdumyvaet-dares to change. « The person will precisely get drunk, is exact in the feverous I go. Precisely, having jumped over time through treasured line for it, he already starts to admire that there is for it more nothing sacred; precisely washes away it to jump at once through any legality and the power and to take pleasure in the most unbridled and boundless freedom, to take pleasure in it zamiraniem hearts for horror of which is impossible that he to itself(himself) did not feel. He knows besides, that its terrible execution waits. All it can be similar to that sensation when the person from a high tower lasts in depth which underfoot so itself at last it is glad to rush downwards golovoju: more soon, yes business with the end!. » But similar suicides (and it is suicide: the person knows about inevitability and inevitability of execution, but all the same rushes downwards golovoju to a crime precipice, gives the life and destiny in a minute of delightful and awful spirit) – nevertheless an exception on penal servitude. The overwhelming majority of prisoners suffer and take out all burdens of unbearable life surprisingly with firmness. For especially grave crime made already in a jail, other prisoner arrest to a wall. It five, sits ten years on a chain in sazhen dlinoju (hardly more than 2 metres) — lives, exists. For what?! It appears, and at such, equal, in essence, to an animal, to a chain dog, homo sapiens'а there is a dream-hope which and supports it: to stay-finish the ten chain years, to leave the dank grown hateful hole-chamber in a court yard of a jail and to walk wide step on it, to have a look at clouds … And — all! For jail walls such tsepniku not to leave any more never. It would seem, what ordinary, unpretentious dream, however even it helps these derelicts to survive-bear. «After all without this desire (to finish chain term. — N. N) whether could stay it five or six years on a chain not die or not go mad? Other would began to sit still?.» Really, it is better, appear, samoubitsja, than to suffer-take out such dog existence. However, in «Notes from the Dead house», after supervision-test of the unbearable ordinary, Dostoevsky will formulate the following law of a human existing in the world: «the Person is a being, to all getting used …» And later, in a "Crime and punishment", the writer even more will toughen the made definition: «the person-rascal gets used To all!» And, at last, in the same place, in a "Crime and punishment", the author has as though brought a result to the reflexions about long-suffering and endurance of the person, its improbable survivability. In a novel epilogue of it thinks Dissenters, already in penal servitude. And, that is extremely essential, think these occur to it after it cannot find the answer in any way on a question tormenting it: why it, Dissenters, has not committed suicide (and he wanted, even tried!) Why it has made an appearance with guilty and has voluntary gone on penal servitude? «It supposed here one only stupid burden of an instinct which not to it was to tear and through which it besides was not in forces to step (for slabostiju and nichtozhnostiju) more likely. He looked at unbearable companions and was surprised: as too all of them liked a life as they valued it! It seemed to it, that in a jail it even more like and appreciate, and more value it, than on freedom …» «The life everywhere a life», — was written by Dostoevsky to the brother before sending on penal servitude. In a jail a life even more, than on an ox, you like and you appreciate — he admits lips Raskolnikova after more than ten years after penal servitude. If the prisoner, sitting years on a short chain, are kept from suicide by scanty, rather poor dream of walk on ostrozhnomu to a court yard and a drink of fresh air Dostoevsky, probably, during the most intolerable moments of unbearable life was preserved against an extreme, desperate step zavetnejshaja by dream — to finish term, to leave on will and to take a feather in hands. Each record in undercover «the Writing-book unbearable» (and records in it — without small 500!) was for the writer as if a portion of vivifying air of freedom as if a drink of the invigorating elixir which is clearing up reason, strengthening the will, filling I smother belief, hope and optimism. To live! To live, to write-create at least just «Notes from the Dead house»! Which already dawned in its creative consciousness-imagination … 7 But still it was necessary to suffer and wait. Before to put on after penal servitude soldier's an overcoat, Dostoevsky almost from the mercy permission of the heads lives month, restoring health, (together with Durov) in the house of the Omsk engineering officer, the former messmate on  K.I.Ivanov's Engineering school  and his wives, daughters of Decembrist I.A.Annenkov  — Olga Ivanovny. At a home of these hospitable people with which the writer will maintain the kindest relations till the end of a life, it has literally got warm soul and a body after prisoner barracks. Here, in this cosy house, the author future «Notes from the Dead house» in the first poslekatorzhnom the letter to brother Michael sums up the ostrozhnogo 4-year-old life, throws in several lines really a Rembrandtesque picture of an unbearable hell. Subsequently, zhivopisuja gone through as though on behalf of Gorjanchikova, Dostoevsky will soften a picture a little, will dilute gloomy colour with the philosophical reasonings, some lyricism (especially in heads "Representation" and «Unbearable animals»), the quiet vospominatelno-discharged tonality of a narration. And it is clear: there has passed certain time, laws of the art text rather differ from rules of the epistolary personal message, moreover and sent to the addressee «in the deepest secret», without any censorship at which the writer should look back, creating «Notes from the Dead house». So, here is hot, Dostoevsky's direct impression about ostrozhnoj a life-validity. Having told to the brother to start a detail about the petty tyrant parade-ground-major Krivtsov eternally drunk and the fan to threaten with birches, Feodor Mihajlovich continues: « … I have met the unbearable people in Tobolsk here again in Omsk have settled down to live with them four years. It is the people rough, angry and embittered. Hatred to noblemen surpasses at all of them limits and consequently us, noblemen, they have met with hostility and with zlobnoju radostiju about our grief. They would eat us, if to them give. However, posudi, whether protection when some years were necessary to live, drink-is and sleep with these people and when even there is no time to complain, for beschislennostiju every possible insults was great. <…> 150 enemies could not get tired in prosecution, it was it ljubo, entertainment, employment <…> to Live to us was very thin. Military penal servitude tjazhele the civil. All four years I have lived is desperate in a jail, behind walls, and left only on job. Job got heavy, certainly not always, and I, happened, became exhausted, in a bad weather, in mokrotu, in slush or in winter in an intolerable icy cold. Time I have spent hour four at emergency job when mercury has frozen and was, maybe, degrees to 40 frost. I oznobil to itself a foot. We lived in a heap, all together, in one barracks. Imagine to itself an old, shabby, wooden building which should be broken for a long time and which cannot serve any more. In the summer closeness intolerable, in winter a cold intolerable. All floors have rotted through. The floor is dirty on a vershok, it is possible to slide and fall. Small windows have become covered with hoarfrost, so in all the day almost it is impossible to read. On glasses on a vershok to ice. From ceilings of drops — all through. Us as seldej in a keg. Will flood with six polenami an oven, heat is not present (in a room ice hardly thawed), and charcoal fumes intolerable — and here all winter. There and then in barracks prisoners wash linen and all small barracks zapleskajut vodoju. povorotitsja there is no place. To leave behind need already it is impossible from twilight till a dawn for barracks the tub and consequently closeness intolerable is locked and put in an outer entrance hall. All unbearable stink as a pig and say, that it is necessary to do beastliness, say, «the live person». We slept on naked plank beds, one pillow was allowed. Feet always all night long the naked took cover short short fur coats, and. All night long you will tremble. Fleas, both louses, and cockroaches chetverikami. In winter we are dressed in short fur coats, is frequent skvernejshih which almost do not heat, and standing boots with short goljashkami — all right to go on a frost. To eat gave us breads and a Russian cabbage soup in which it was necessary to m of pound of beef on the person; but beef put rublenuju, and I never saw it. On holidays porridge almost absolutely without butter. In a post cabbage with water and almost anything else. I have upset a stomach intolerably and was some times sick. (Still! We will recollect, that at orthodox Christians in a year four posts lasting many days, a little one-day, yes plus to it weekly on Wednesdays and Fridays; thus, prisoners with cabbage ate one water in day yes every day. And it — at unbearable job! — N. N) Judge, whether it was possible to live without money and if there would be no money, I (we will underline! — N. N) Anybody has by all means died, and, no prisoner, would take out such life. But everyone something works, sells and has copeck. I drank tea and ate sometimes the piece of beef, and it rescued me. Not to smoke to tobacco too it was impossible, for it was possible to choke in such closeness. All it became furtively. I laid often the patient in hospital. From frustration of nerves at me has happened paduchaja, but, however, happens seldom. Still there is at me rheumatism in feet. Besides, I feel fine enough. Add to all it prijatnostjam almost impossibility to have the book, that you will get to read furtively, eternal enmity and quarrel by circle of, abuse, shout, noise, din, always under an escort, never one, and is four years without change, — the right, it is possible to excuse, if tells, that was thin. Besides, always responsibility hanging on a nose, shackles and full constraint of spirit, and here an image of my life-bytja. That has become with my soul, with my beliefs, with my mind and heart these four years — I will not tell to you. Long to tell. But the eternal concentration in itself where I escaped from the bitter validity, has born fruit … » The right though similar also does not practise literaturovedchesko-research practice but so the affirmative assumption would be desirable to come out, that finish, let us assume, Turgenevu (not speaking about "nice fellow" Panaeve) to come to be in similar other-wordly circumstances-conditions, it and month has not sustained. Dostoevsky's improbable internal spiritual power at its external physical infirmity simply amazes.  S.F.Durov who has tested all the same, as the future author of "the Dead house», — has not sustained, has broken. It has entered into a jail «still young, beautiful and vigorous, and left dilapidated, grey-haired, without feet, with a short wind …» He hard was ill penal servitude, has early grown old, has turned to the cripple and has died in 52 years absolutely grey-haired and ailing. Yes unless one Durov has not sustained the God way, fallen to a lot petrashevtsev? At N.  P.Grigoriev as it was already mentioned, in a Peter and Paul Fortress casemate mental disease which in penal servitude has become aggravated has begun, and it left a jail in 1856 incurable insane person.  V.P.Kateneva, too got under way mind in the single, even on a scaffold could not deduce — it already was in hospital.  D.D.Ahsharumov too was on the verge of insanity and subsequently the memoirs admitted: «… it seems to me, that without heavy damage or a mutilation for all life in my brain body I could not dolee take out a solitary confinement …» It tormented, as well as Dostoevsky (yes, probably, and all the others petrashevtsev!) Night suffocating nightmares. Ahsharumov as we remember, has broken it is moral — has given superfluous and inherently treacherous indications. Perhaps, it also has rescued the poor fellow from full insanity, and he after a scaffold, prisoner and references has lived a mouth safely almost till ninety years.  N.A.Speshnev who «differed from all zamechatelnoju krasotoju, siloju and blossoming health», the brilliant has saved reason, but on a scaffold has amazed the fellow sufferer with terrible change of appearance: «the beauty and a blossoming kind Have disappeared; its person from the approximated has become the oblong; it was painful, is yellow-is pale, cheeks pohudalye, eyes have as though become hollow and under them the big blue …» Subsequently, having passed through the Siberian mines, Speshnev already in forty years was looked by the deep aged man. To finish conversation on tragical motives in destinies petrashevtsev, we will recollect still some of them, directly like not depending on force of character and a fortress of spirit of the person, but as though showing, what strokes of bad luck only voleju the case and heavens managed to be avoided to Dostoevsky. For example, among other in haste have arrested and And.  P.Beklemisheva, but soon from a fortress have let out (as well as.  M.Dostoevsky, and more some other casual visitors of Fridays Petrashevsky), however its young wife has had time to be ill from a fright-shock and has suddenly died. Feodor Mihajlovich, fortunately, was then single, but to present only for a minute, the mammy and father which — we will recollect have as though transferred arrest of the son! — has not died nearly in the autumn of 1838 only from news about ostavlenii the Fedi-cadet for the second year. The author of "Poor people» has avoided and speed up  P.N.Filippova with whom has very much approached shortly before arrest and which has grown fond for «of honesty, graceful politeness, truthfulness, fearlessness and directness» (from Dostoevsky n's indications): after a scaffold and military-prisoner Phillip's mouth has been directed in 1855 to a field army where soon and was lost at a capture of a fortress Kars only 30 years old. And, by the way, Dostoevsky from silent Siberian sleepy Semipalatinsk, from peace service «under a red cap» will be torn to uneasy caucasus where the soldier to be lost from a bullet malicious chechena was and at that time — pair of trifles. At one petrashevtsa,  P.I.Lamanskogo, the destiny ending has turned out is mysterious-strange and extremely tragical. It, as well as his brother E.I.Lamansky, has avoided even arrest though both of them visited meetings at Petrashevsky and Durov. porfiry Ivanovich has made brilliant official career, however in 1875 at the age of fifty years at it intellectual frustration has begun and it has committed suicide, and in rather exotic way — was pinned up by a dagger. It is possible not to doubt, that a certain role in sudden, apparently, a nervous breakdown were petrashevtsa events of quarter-century prescription — expectation of arrest, experience for the companions concluded in a fortress have played also, the performance of their execution, their unbearable tests … Dostoevsky in the letter to the wife to Staraya Russa from February, 6th, 1875 in a postscript exclaims: «Imagine, porfiry Lamansky has died that was pinned up in heart by a dagger!» Also adds: « It, however, buried on a Christian ceremony … »As we remember, the church deprived of suicides of a ceremony of orthodox burial, but, as they say, there is no such law-rule from which there would be no exceptions. And Dostoevsky fixes-underlines it. For something it, probably, it was important to it to underline-note. By the way, the writer was going to and to display  P.I.Lamanskogo's tragical ending  in"teenager"over whom just worked, having marked in draught copies:« … the Old Prince had an attack razzhizhenija a brain (Lamansky) ». Well and, at last, it is necessary to tell some words about destiny special petrashevtsa —  P.D.Antonelli. That provoker-spy, the secret police agent who has given out a society of fureristov-socialists, dangerous revolutionary plot has opened. To its destiny you will not envy. For the sake of thirty srebrenikov he has thrown study at the Petersburg university, already in day of arrest Petrashevsky with companions policemen, as they say, have substituted-have handed over it, having shown as though inadvertently the arrested person the list where against surname Antonelli eloquently appeared: « The agent on the found business ». This, by itself, has got publicity in a society, and at the spy rather uncomfortable life has begun-has gone — it is exposed to insults and even to the public: for example, petrashevets  P.I.Beletsky (by miracle avoided arrest) has offended Antonelli at a meeting in the street, for what has been there and then sent from capital to Vologda. Beletsky as it is visible, nevertheless has suffered, as well as others petrashevtsy (though and with delay), because of the iudy-agent. And meanwhile, even recommendations of chief-patron Antonelli, large official Ministr I.P. Liprandi  , have not helped that to find job in one of capital departments, and he has been compelled to move from Petersburg away — in a province, in a solitude, in a non-existence. In essence, Antonelli has made civil suicide — has voluntary ruined the career, a life, destiny … Is, there is a truth on the earth, and there is it and above! However, we will return to Dostoevsky. Strength of mind, once again we will underline, has helped it to stand-cope both the chamber-single, and death penalty procedure, and an unbearable four-year non-existence. However, that it has survived and was lost by mind — it is possible to consider as miracle. He at all did not exaggerate, when wrote to Michael Mihajlovichu, that if not the monetary help from close and native, it by all means would die. In the letter to younger brother Andrey from Semipalatinsk (from November, 6th, 1854) Dostoevsky gives even more rigid and gloomy formulation-estimation to the unbearable existence: «And those 4 years are considered by me in time in which I have been buried live and is closed in a coffin …» This «a life in a coffin», certainly, has not passed completely and for health of the writer — its first main illness, an epilepsy even if not nachalas-has opened in a jail anyway has amplified and has developed definitively. And the second main hvor — an emphysema of lungs, — without any doubt, has started up initial terrible backs during the omsko-unbearable period of a life-destiny of the writer. The emphysema is a disease of lungs which develops basically under the influence of three factors: Other sharp diseases of lungs (including a pneumonia from which Dostoevsky long rolled in ostrozhnom hospital), from air pollution (prisoner Dostoevsky himself with pleasure went, including its easy and pleasant, on job «at alabaster», that is to burn out and break a hammer alabaster in a dust — naturally, without any gas masks and respirators) and, at last, from a malicious tobacco smoking (by means of a tube, not taking out it from a mouth, naive Feodor Mihajlovich as we already know, tried to be rescued from intolerable closeness and a stench of prisoner barracks, depriving the lungs thereby last atoms of oxygen). Besides running a little forward, we will notice, that these two serious illnesses, acquired the author of "the Dead house» in penal servitude, till the end of days hung over it terrible swords of Damocles: Each of uncountable attacks paduchej could come to the end with a lethal outcome, and the emphysema of lungs with obvious connivance of the patient so has reduced, eventually, it in a tomb … Let's recollect once again, that Dostoevsky twice nearly have not killed in a jail (Gazin and Lomov), and that he actually did not live four years, as did not think of a life without the Literature, without Creativity. Thus, it is possible to ascertain, being expressed in a military way, that Dostoevsky in fight with eshafotno-unbearable circumstances of the life-destiny was not lost, unlike other companions, but without wounds and contusions has not managed. The writer left this wearisome heavy fight (we will continue comparison) even with rich and invaluable trophies for it: «How much I have taken out from penal servitude of national types, characters! <…> how much histories of tramps and the robber <ov> and in general all black, hapless life! On whole tomy will get. That for the wonderful people. In general time for me is not lost. If I have learnt not Russia, so the people Russian well and so it is good as, maybe, not many know it …» It is thought, two things, two circumstances, on advantage, and have rescued the author of "Poor people» from spiritual and physical degradation in penal servitude, from  destruction, from suicide: its inspiration on the first steps to a jail, that only optimism and physical work will help it to survive-vydjuzhit; and here this thirst of creativity, literary energy of a brain, sochinitelskaja greed in knowledge of new aspects of life. It is known, that the writer works not only behind a desk, but all 24 hours a day — without breaks, days off and holidays. Rough physical — unbearable — work supported and strengthened quite coddled body of the yesterday's capital intellectual, and the refined inspired internal job of the writer studying and analyzing surrounding validity, accumulating a material for the future compositions, — krepila and supported spirit. « The crime and punishment "," Demons "," Brothers Karamazovy », not speaking about« Notes from the Dead house », — in many respects were born-have sprouted from seeds, posejannyh in the field of creative imagination of the writer during the stay of it ostrozhnogo life-bytja. It is difficult to present, what would be Dostoevsky's great novels without its unbearable experience and — would be in general. At least, it is impossible to disagree with opinion of known our traveller and  scientist P.P.Semyonova-Tjan-Shanskogo which met Dostoevsky at meetings Petrashevsky and saw then it in Siberia:« It is possible to tell, that stay in «the Dead house» has made of talented Dostoevsky the great writer-psychologist … » Possibly, the writer was going to and in soldier's barracks to fill up luggage of the knowledge of a life simple ljuda even more. However, despite the unbearable experience both four-year ostrozhnuju physical and moral training, in the letter to the brother the private soldier of 7th Siberian linear battalion before sending to a service place, from Omsk, does not hide the gloomy fears and alarms: «you Will get to the chief who will take a dislike (such is), will carp and will ruin service, and I so am weak-willed, that, of course, not in a condition to bear all burden soldatstva». In «the Siberian writing-book» at number 447 Dostoevsky brings heard by it in ostrozhnoj to barracks minidialogue: «— And will arrive back? — Will not hang, so it is turned back». If to present for an instant that it has sounded not in Omsk a jail, and in Petersburg, let us assume, to editions of "Domestic notes» or in Nekrasov's house this short dialogue rather mnogoznamenatelno is looked-is perceived. Before returning of the author of "Poor people» to Petersburg there were some more years, but on January, 23rd, 1854 it left a jail, from it have removed shackles. «Freedom, a new life, revival from dead … What nice minute!.» Alas, euphoria has gushed a little prematurely: revival from the dead was occurred-has happened, but still it was necessary to dream of freedom only. After all soldatchina, in essence, — the same penal servitude … The chapter III Under a red cap, or the First love 1 In the parental house on Bozhedomke when small Fedja too showed the fervour and supposed what-any volnodumie and sharpness in expressions, strict father severely warned time and again the son: «Hey, Fedja, appease, nesdobrovat to you … to be to you under a red cap!.» <<<(P. 7) (P. 9)>>>
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