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P. 3	Dostoevsky's suicide (Continuation) 3 Let's not be to press in all subtleties and complexities of fundamental reasonings Djurkgejma, besides. It is Enough to tell, that there are some versions of such kind of voluntary death. For example, the obligatory altruistic type of suicide has been extended even till the latest time at some people. It when barbarous customs order suicide of old men and patients, wives after death of husbands or slaves and servants after death of the mister. In all these cases the person, maybe, also did not wish, did not wish to die voluntary, but it should and it has been obliged to make, differently for it waited or a violent death, or still bolshee punishment — dishonour, ostrakizm and a religious penalty. At first sight, facultative altruistic suicide a little than differs from the obligatory. Here too at the heart of the phenomenon the national barbarous severe custom lays. As the brightest sample can serve a hara-kiri at Japanese. Even there is a cynical joke, that supposedly the present Samurai takes offence only once in a life. And it is valid, the proud Japanese could rip up to itself a stomach only that someone has unintentionally pushed with his elbow or slantwise at it has looked. Moreover, there was even a kind of duel by means of a hara-kiri when opponents instead of crossing in a duel klinki, competed in the one who from them faster and will more effectively rip up to itself a stomach an own sword. The distinction subtlety between obligatory and facultative kinds of a suicide that in the first case the society forces, in the second — approves. If in the first case the person samoubivaetsja to avoid a shame, in the second — to find respect and glory. One more version of altruistic suicide — suicide mystical or, is better to tell, — fanatical, made ordinary on religious soil. Such kind of a suicide among Hindus was especially widespread: during religious festivals they crowds rushed to sacred waters of Ganges, under wheels of idol Dzhaggernauta or doomed itself to starvation that with pleasure to plunge into a nirvana, to be dissolved in it. However, that to us India! And in our Russian history many cases when conservatives or skoptsy, switches and other sectarians-fanatics arranged collective self-burnings during the periods of persecutions are known. And it is necessary to underline, that, despite all features and differences of the belief from orthodox, conservatives and sectarians too — Christians. And after all, as it was already spoken, the Christianity certainly and strictly forbids suicide. However, again, as well as in a case with early Christians, it turns out, only — egoistical. Here the characteristic example from the recent past — during the Great Patriotic War one of the Soviet commanders of receding parts has ordered to blow up the Kazan church in settlement Vyritsa near Leningrad. The lieutenant who has obtained such order, has appeared the believing person and has decided to rescue by the life a temple — directly under a wall of church it was shot. While Red Army men delivered its body to station, have reported about happened etc . — Time has been missed also the Kazan temple has escaped. This case is described-is submitted in the book about life of aged man Serafima Vyritsky as an unconditional feat of the lieutenant-Christian. The is fanatical-religious subspecies of altruistic suicide are very closely closed with type of so-called suicide heroic. Clearly, that such kind of a suicide is characteristic first of all for the army environment and especially in military actions. Already suicides-feats Matrosova and Gastello were mentioned here, numerous cases when soldiers with a sheaf of grenades rushed under caterpillars of tanks are known or, being in an environment of the enemy, meaningly called fire of the batteries on itself … Certainly, it is possible to mind, say, in the majority of such cases of other exit at the person it was not simple — all the same ahead inevitable and fast death. But after all many facts when the person by miracle avoided are known it would seem to inevitable death in most naiposledny an instant, and each of us meaningly and unconsciously clings to a life till the latest instant. So, if in a critical situation the person suppresses in itself desire to live and does an intelligent voluntary step to death for the sake of rescue of others is and there is that other, as altruistic heroic suicide. Naturally, the majority of those acts falls under definition of altruistic suicide in a peace time which we habitually name feats also. The doctor imparts to itself in the scientific purposes a deadly vaccine, the driver legkovushki partitions off road to the drunk reckless driver, protecting the bus with children, the guy in a dark lane rushes on protection of the unfamiliar girl against group of drunk villains … Yes, these people make a feat, but, simultaneously, and — suicide. And, of course, all these cases grow out positive (we will recollect definition-formulation Djurkgejma) of an act. But more a complicated question with the feats-suicides made by terrorists. From their point of view, in the opinion of the associates on the organisation they doubtless and noble heroes. But in the opinion of other members of a society they frequently look criminals and villains. « That environment where altruistic suicide dominates, the person is always ready to offer the life, but he as values also a life of other people a little. On the contrary, there, where the person so highly puts the individuality, that out of it does not see any purpose in a life, it with the same respect concerns and another's life … »Here, on Djurkgejmu, the main, deep distinction between altruistic and egoistical suicide kinds. And the first part of the formulation concerns first of all terrorists. At the heart of their"policy"the monstrous idea lays, that for the sake of happiness and well-being of many people is admissible and even it is absolutely necessary to destroy one, two, ten people to put their lives, speaking Dostoevsky's language, in the base of the future happiness of the people and all mankind. The author of "Brothers Karamazovyh» had in a youth to it the direct relation, at least, the power prederzhashchie have enlisted it in the category «smutchikov, disturbers, kramolnikov and rebels» (so the foreign word "revolutionary" is translated in dictionary Dalja), throughout his life Russian ideological terrorism razvilsja-was generated quite, and the writer watched closely all cases of attempts at the tsar and its "satraps", analyzed-discussed them in dialogue with acquaintances, in «the Diary of the writer», in note writing-books, in novels, at last. It is More than that, it even was present — and, maybe, not once — at ceremony of execution of terrorists … But about it is more detailed — further. For now we will underline-will note, that Russian tsareubijtsy-condemned men of XIX century — the absolute babies in comparison with terrorists of a century XX and especially the latest, newest our time. The word "terror" from the Latin is translated as — fear, horror. Narodovoltsy really inspired fear also horror on the potential victims and a certain part of a legislative and loyal society. But nevertheless in those days images, figures of revolutionaries-terrorists, thanking, of course, in many respects liberally-democratic press, were surrounded with a self-sacrifice and heroism aura. As, they not only operated-killed disinterestedly, not for the sake of personal revenge or benefit, but also paid for it in own lives. And, tragical destinies, executions-suicides of the valid condemned men like Karakozova or "pervomartovtsev", as though threw an is noble-heroic reflexion and on those who has avoided death for political murder or has by mistake killed absolutely innocent people. It is necessary to recollect, for example, Stepan Halturina who has arranged explosion in the Winter palace, a sovereign has not killed, but has killed on the spot, has destroyed ten and has mutilated about fifty simple soldiers-guard, has in addition escaped the unpunished. However, in two years Halturin has got for participation in murder of the Odessa military public prosecutor and has been hung up. And here Sergey Kravchinsky who and publicly in the centre of Petersburg coolly killed in broad daylight the chief of gendarmes Mezentsova, and has at all escaped punishment, veins safely abroad, wrote articles and novels ("Andrey Kozhuhov") under pseudonym Stepnjak in which glorified revolutionary terror, and was lost absolutely casually aged 44th years under steam locomotive wheels. (However, there is a natural question — whether casually? Whether is it is penalty Bozhija or even the certificate of not realised suicide?) by the way, Dostoevsky, having learnt about murder of the chief of gendarmes from  V.F.Putsykovicha's letter  , ascertains in the reciprocal message: « Write, that murderers Mezentsova and have not found and that likely for it nigiljatina. Anyhow? Likely so … »as it is visible, for were petrashevtsa (and it is even better to tell — speshnevtsa) in the end of his life revolutionaries-condemned men any not heroes, and only —"nigiljatina"… However, again we run forward. As a whole in Russia, and especially in the Soviet Russia, terrorists-murderers were in a society certainly dear people. Stepnjak-Kravchinsky — the readable and esteemed writer, in honour of Halturina is named the whole city in the Kirov area, names Kaljaeva, Perovsky and other terrorists streets … are called the whole century, ten millions violent deaths, horrors of revolutions, wars and reprisals that the crape of romanticism round political, ideological murders-suicides has grown dull Was necessary. Now even in the most barbarous countries, not speaking about so-called civilised, terrorists basically prefer to be murderers, but not condemned men. On arms they have left in the basic one method — mean and absolutely safe for them: an explosive with remote control. Here about any suicide, especially — altruistic, even speeches are not present. And in the end of our introduction in a theme short and schematically once again we will recollect prominent features of three principal views of suicide. "Egoist" finishes with itself because its link with a society was absolutely broke (in political, religious, family and any other plan), the life has lost for it sense and value. "Altruist" kills itself because the public completely and entirely absorbs its individuality, lives of other people, ideals, the public purposes for it are more expensive than own life. "Anomist" is an egoist at heart the, but not lost communication with a society, depending from it, and if a society (in economic, political, family etc . Plans) does its individual life intolerable, — such person refuses a life, itself breaks it. And if it is absolutely clear and simple — we will present such situation: in one city in the same day were shot three young men, as they say, on family circumstances, and everyone has left after itself(himself) the wife and children. In what here a difference? And that the first any more did not like for a long time the wife, hated the grown hateful offsprings, toiled-drank from melancholy of loneliness and a casual malicious minute has decided to finish it once and for all. The second has got to the extremely unpleasant situation on service, but was frightened not for itself: the liked and liking wife, adored children could remain beggars and forever dishonoured — only suicide could rescue it from court and, hence, them from poverty and a shame. Well, and the third has not sustained, when its bank has burst, it was ruined, in addition the wife whom he idolised, has declared, that with "beggar" will not live and will leave to another … Here such subtleties! Can seem, that our introduction to the basic theme was tightened, but, we will repeat, the theme of suicide at us is very little studied, and the general theory, an essence of a subject of conversation always should be meant and remembered them at least at subconscious level. Certainly, in itself external similarity in tragical death of these three suicides but where it is more interesting and more important for us internal circumstances and the motives which have pushed them on this step is interesting and amazing, so to say. A lot of similar, for example, in external details of death Smerdjakova («Brothers Karamazovy») and Oli ("Teenager") — both were hung up, both have committed suicide at night, in the rooms, is absolutely unexpected for associates, not having left any notes … However, what cardinally opposite reasons and circumstances have pushed them on this step!. Possibly, according to scientists, there are latent biochemical laws of suicide, quite probably, that influence the suicide statistics and flashes on the sun and lunar eclipses. About suicide as validity realities, the person has started to reflect as soon as has learnt to think. Still antique philosophers puzzled over this phenomenon. Later, as it was already mentioned,  and other thinkers have given to D.Donn, D.Jum a tribute to this ominous problem. But especially it would be desirable to mention great Montaigne who in inexhaustible "Experiences" has formulated aphoristically and deeply thoughts on suicide. Dostoevsky, as well as any competent and conceiving person of XIX century who are freely knowing French, read Michel Montaigne's "Experiences". In the chapter XX under the name «what to philosophise is means to study to die» Montaigne learns not to be afraid of death and to be ready to it at any moment, to concern its arrival easy and judiciously: « Nobody dies before the hour. That time that there will be after you, no more you, than that has leaked till your birth <…>. A life measure not in its duration, and in how you used it … » Then, in the head «Custom of island Kei» the French philosopher addresses directly to a suicide theme. At first it considers the points of view of supporters of voluntary leaving from a life and looks here quite convincingly: «After all say in this occasion, that the wise man lives so much years, how much it is necessary for it, instead of it is so much, how much he can live, and that the best gift which we have received by nature and which deprives of us any right to complain of our position, it is possibility to run away. The nature has appointed to us only one way of birth, but has specified thousand ways how to die …» «The most voluntary death is most perfect. The life depends on another's will, death — only from ours …» (Well how here at once not to recollect Kirillov with its theory! — N. N) «The life turns to slavery if we are not free to die …» «Just as I do not break the laws established against thieves when I carry away that belongs to me, or itself take from myself a purse <…> in the same way I am not subject to laws against murderers when I lose a life …» But, on the other hand: «Many believe, that we have not the right to leave a fortress of this world without That obvious command who has placed us in it …» «Only imprudence and impatience induce us to accelerate death arrival. No misadventures can force to turn original virtue by a life a back …» «To hide in a hole under a dense cover of a coffin, to avoid strokes of bad luck, — such is destiny of cowardice, instead of virtue …» And still, apparently, impartial Montaigne closes-finishes a theme a frank recognition: «In my opinion, intolerable pains and fears of the worst death are quite defensible promptings to suicide …» To Dostoevsky these words-judgements of the French thinker which inherently contradicted Christian morals should be remembered. 4 Well, also it is absolutely necessary to talk about such gloomy subject, as — ways of voluntary leaving from a terrestrial life. From Dostoevsky's times it is not enough that in this area has changed. To break the most perfect on light, but also extremely fragile biological car, homo sapiens’а, it is necessary only «to separate soul from a body», or, being expressed it is modern-pragmatically, — «to stop a life». Physicians argue till now, whether to consider the person as a corpse after cardiac arrest or only after full  destruction of a brain. Here dispute goes about minutes and seconds. But the person to whom the validity has grown hateful, about these medical subtleties does not reflect, it only knows well, that it should extinguish forever the consciousness, and for this purpose it is necessary to tear off heart beat. More often — immediately, urgently, this second. For achievement of this purpose there are only some cardinal methods — only five: it is necessary to deprive an organism or blood, either oxygen, or a food, or to enter into it poison, or, at last, physically to hurt-destroy, shatter, destroy a flesh. For hundred with superfluous years the civilisation has added to this list only an electricity, and Djurkgejm predicted its wide application in the future for suicide. However, it has not occurred. The electric death has got in destiny on advantage to people not free, simply not having other choice — to the American criminals who have got on an electric chair voluntary, meaningly, and prisoner of concentration camps who stopped the sufferings, having rushed on a wire electroprotection. And in the rest almost has changed nothing. However, if before the suicide were thrown out basically from the fourth floor, risking only to become a cripple, now without any risk to remain live are thrown out from skies from skyscrapers. If in the last century the unfortunate suicide not always found eternal rest under hoofs and wheels of horse crew now any автó, and especially hundred-ton lorry is an absolute guarantee of death. As to those who burns, hung up, shot, poisoned and opens to itself veins, — that progress practically at all has not changed process of their leaving of a life. But here that the most amazing for us still living and going to to live further: why the person who has taken in head with self to finish, does not choose the easiest, painless and if it is possible so to be expressed, a noble way of suicide? What for the weak refined woman-aristocrat, we will recollect besides Anna Kareninu instead of drinking «stkljanku opium» and it is beautiful to fall asleep forever with the late smile on lips — rushes to a dirt on chetverenki (if not to tell more roughly — on karachki!) Under awful wheels-cutting torches, in a bottomless well though also instant, but a disgusting physical pain? And a corpse? The corpse as will be disfigured — one only this especially materialistic thought, apparently, should stop any woman. Has not stopped. Does not stop. Rush under trains, under lorries, from a balcony about asphalt, burn, knowing, that in three-four days their blown up lilovo-black corpse will call disgust and a nausea even the near relations. Or here what for to the man to take down to itself half-skulls a case-shot from a fowling piece (as Ernest Heminguej has made it) or, especially, to rip up a stomach (as Japanese writer Jukio Misima) when there is a possibility simply to open to itself veins and, being blissfully happy in a warm bath, silently to depart in the world other, having been in time at last and to recollect the happy childhood, and to think about eternal, and if will take in head, — to manage to cry. (We will recollect shrill and deeply philosophical lines of Andrey Platonova destiny of the character of the story "Foundation ditch" Prushevsky: «… behind the fallen down, blossomed and again lost gardens, for the met and past people there is its term when it is necessary to lay down on a cot, to face a wall and to die, not having managed to begin to cry».) Yes, to us, living-vegetating, such self-destructive mazohizma not to understand. How not to understand and those monstrous shifts to what other suicides resort. Like, what it is possible to think up such extraordinary, out of the common, having decided to commit suicide on the railway? Well, as besides Anna Karenina to fall under the car all body; it is possible to put on a rail, as on an executioner's block, only a head; it is possible in haste, from awkwardness and fear to get under wheels so, that to the unfortunate will cut off only feet or hands, and it will be long died-suffer; it is possible to jump out on rails directly before train; it is possible to partition off in the car on moving road to the locomotive; to quite probably machinist-suicide to direct the electric locomotive on full to a course to deadlock (in the underground similar a case were already fixed!) ; It is possible to be thrown out, eventually, on mad speed from the car though this way and does not guarantee inevitable death. The human imagination, apparently, is settled. But here, for example, the hero of the story of Vladimir Nabokov "Accident", a certain Alexey Lvovich Luzhin, proves the return: «In 100-th time he imagined how to arrange the death … Thought so: to leave at the night at station, to round the motionless car, to put a head to a buffer board, when other car begin to move up to fasten to the standing. Two boards will be knocked. Between them there will be its inclined head. The head will burst, as a soap bubble …» And in general, if cardinal methods of voluntary leaving from a life only five-six ways, suicide subspecies, according to the World organisation of public health services, it is registered — 83. And if to start to plunge into depths of a suicide theme there is a sensation, that logic laws not always here operate. For example, quite clearly, that in cities rush from height, than in a countryside where it is not enough the big buildings is more often. It would seem, logically and to assume, for example, that in the southern countries of drowned men more than in the north, and in winter their quantity and is at all reduced. Not at all! Djurkgejm cites the following given middle of 1870th years across Europe: in northern capitals Copenhagen and our St.-Petersburg this way of suicide met not less often, than in solar Italy and France, and in the same France for three summer months the number of drowned men was only on one third more than for three winter, and this mysterious statistics is characteristic for any, at least — European, the countries. But is even more mysterious and neobjasnimee that fact, that very much and very many despaired people choose such way of leaving from a life, as — a loop. It is one of the most shameful kinds of death at many people. In Russia pozornee was unless — sazhanie on kol. Quite often condemned on execution asked in the application on the highest name at all about life preservation, and only about the one and only favour — to permit to die not in a shameful loop, and under barrels of guns. The way of execution through hanging became as though an additional heavy punishment. After murder Kravchinsky Mezentsova all similar terrorist affairs in Russia have been passed in conducting warships, and soon in the confidential relation dispatched on provinces, was underlined: « Sovereign the emperor, having received data, that some of the political criminals who had legal proceedings in Kiev by military court <…> are sentenced to a death penalty rasstreljaniem, has desired to notice, that in a similar case to appoint hanging … »And grand duke Sergey Nikolaevich before removal of one sentence more respectively, addressing to judges, has expressed still opredelyonnee:« I Hope, you do not sentence it to p about ch yo t n about j death ». During that epoch execution, by way of exception, began to be applied only to officers. Disgust to such — rope — death is quite clear: ugliness, its ugliness is evident. Body convulsively twitching in a loop, duration of agonal torments (at times to a quarter of hour!), and then — the cyanotic person, the fallen out swelled language, the body which has drooped by an ugly sack … But is one more vile, nasty, disgusting detail which it is mentioned unless in kriminalistskih and medical textbooks. The general public has learnt about it only from direct "dostoevskogo" on force izobrazitelnosti Victor Astafeva's story "Ljudochka" which young heroine was hung up: « Ljudochka never was interested udavlennikami and did not know, that at them it is ugly vypjalivaetsja language, by all means occurs mocheispuskanie. She has had time to feel only as it became hot and sick in it nedre, she has guessed, where is ill, has tried to seize for a loop to be released, has snatched on a string convulsive fingers, but only has scratched a neck and has had time to hear still a skin a stream, started to flow … ». The overwhelming majority voluntary udavlennikov even do not suspect about a similar trifle. And if the person, especially young and romantically adjusted, dreamt to be hung up to spite of all and everything, suddenly would learn authentically, that at it not only disgustingly lilac language will fall out, but also from it sickeningly and shamefully will smell as urine, it appears, quite could to make sober and oholodit any potential suicide. Or, at least, to force to refuse such shameful way of death. However, it is easy to argue, when itself of voluntary death you do not think, burdens of life quite still you suffer and is concordant-hope-dream to live to a ripe old age. But, as speak in the people, from sumy yes from prison do not promise. It is quite possible to add and — from a loop. As an axiom Marina Tsvetaeva's destiny here can serve. As is known, it blamed severely in due time for Yesenin's suicide and Majakovsky («… Is more useless, Seryozha! / … Is more useless, Volodja!.), and after some years itself it was hung up. In general, we will repeat, anyhow, suicide of the person is a destiny. That is — court Divine. And if to believe in the God it is necessary and to believe that is valid uniform hair from our head will not fall without his permission. Now, when this so necessary introduction in a theme is finished, when we at least in the most general lines have recollected, have realised and have defined complexity, multidimensionality, discrepancy and as like to be expressed present literary critics, ambivalence of such phenomenon of the validity as suicide when research atmosphere is created, so to say, is time to us to be entered-plunge directly into Dostoevsky's world. In the world where, strangely enough, the presents, not too it is a lot of the gone right cases of a suicide, each and all, but very many heroes think of suicide, dream of him, threaten to carry out it or even undertake attempts with itself to finish. Whence at them such passionate, and even it is simple (greetings Dostoevsky's to ill-wishers!) is abnormal-painful bent for to this gloomy phenomenon of human life?. PART THE FIRST The chapter I The small hero, or the First debut 1 Children till five-six years do not reflect at all on death … <<<(P. 2) (P. 4)>>>
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© Rosedkin Sergey Nikolaevich, 2001
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