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P. 1	Dostoevsky's suicide (A suicide theme in a life and creativity of the writer) BOOK//FRAGMENT Death — the end of a terrestrial life, razluchenie souls with a body.   V.I.Dal Death — the life termination.   S.I.Ozhegov Introduction in a theme 1 Suicide — Dostoevsky's chronic dream. It pursued it and delivered it inexplicable pleasure all its conscious life. And in it there is nothing surprising for each conceiving person at least time in a life thought of suicide, and Dostoevsky with its painful genius and hyperpassionate nature the life literally continually forced to rush to a despair chasm, pushed-pushed it to a suicide. But if at the overwhelming majority of the taken place and potential suicides all preliminary-preparatory stage on a way to suicide remains hidden from strangers, and their sudden end looks in the opinion of remained to live-exist in this world sudden, wild and not giving in urazumeniju at people creative, and first of all at writers, their subconscious, and then and the conscious aspiration to voluntary and premature leaving from a life is always shown in creativity, is read obviously. It is easy to prove it on an example of those creators who, under the official and standard version, and really a point in the end of the life have put. We take Majakovsky. The Same  L.J.Brick, one of the most people close to it, persistently asserted-underlined, that Vladimir Vladimirovich constantly repeated suicide, already made attempts to be shot about fatal April day 1930. And it in spite of the fact that as L.Brick writes : « In Majakovsky there was a frenzied love to a life, love to all its displays — to revolution, to art, to job, to me, to women, to passion, to air which he breathed ». The suicide theme stands out and through all creativity of the poet that has convincingly proved V.Radzishevsky in article« Majakovsky has been doomed earlier, than Stalin has heard his name ». It would seem, business clear: all life it dreamt-wanted to be shot and eventually it was shot. However, in a case with Majakovsky has put becomes complicated that recently there were very is convincing-given reason articles-researches about murder Majakovsky. And if it so murderers of the poet very dexterously used-have beaten a suicide complex in its creativity, having forced the author of a poem« is good! »It is severe to pay for poetic advances with a fatal theme. It is easy to prove citations from poems and Yesenin's poems, as it it is quite logical and produmanno has finished the terrestrial way. Certainly, nesprosta in 1916 he exclaimed: «In green evening under a window//On the sleeve I will be hung up …» («I Have got tired to live in the to edge»). Wrote-composed similar lines, and then took, and «in a loop slazil in“ Angletere ”» as the well-known bard was not absolutely successfully expressed subsequently. But if to agree with arguments of those who does not doubt Yesenin's violent death, that, besides, meanly was possible to murderers potential suicide all only (kakovye live and till hundred years) to present the suicide taken place. But here that is amazing: even to the most meticulous literaturovedu, possibly, and in a head the thought will not come to search-investigate for motives of suicide in creativity, let us assume, Lermontov and, especially, — Gogol. And after all these we dostoslavnye writers though literally a word also have not imposed on themselves a hand, but no doubt «the life» have intentionally lost, — so the word "suicide" in dictionary Ozhegova is explained. The author of "the Hero of our time», not having considered necessary personally to put a pistol barrel to own breast, has simply forced-has compelled to make it turned up under hand Martynova. It is not excluded, that among other any reasons to choose such romantic kind of suicide not last role the aspiration of the ardent poet to repeat destiny of the senior colleague on a feather has played. The fantastic line in its well-known poem-obituary gives out Lermontov with a head: « With lead in a breast and thirst to sweep … »Anything to itself — in a breast! Pushkin has been wounded in the bottom of a stomach, almost in a groin … So if to recollect lermontovskoe« And is boring and sad … »— this ingenious hymn to suicide, and to read memoirs of contemporaries of the poet who has fixed circumstances of its"duel"with Martynovym doubts in its deliberate and conscious deprivation of of a life and cannot be. (In Dostoevsky's note writing-book there is an unfulfilled plan:« ²kakaja an empty and silly joke ². The suicide wishes to kill itself, searches for places ».) With Gogol researchers of its creativity in general have got confused, zashorennye stereotypic thinking. Why has burnt the second part «Dead souls»? Yes, whether see, has begun to doubt in its art perfection, and here still certain archpriest Konstantinovsky has insistently advised the manuscript to betray to fire … And why so has strange led itself before death, food has started to refuse? Yes simply umopomeshalsja … Well and if nevertheless to recollect, how Sergey Vasilevich persistently repeated-repeated, that all its mission in it to the world — the literature, creativity. He has sincerely been convinced, this thought ripened and developed in its head, should develop, that is indispensable it at once will die, as soon as will execute foreordained to it on the earth. And if it so, whether that is the certificate of burning of the gained and finished manuscript the fear and despair certificate, passionate aspiration to remove the ending: I yet have not finished, have not finished the main work — I will begin anew! And about last days … in the last century the researcher of a phenomenon of suicide the French scientist Emil Djurkgejm in the fundamental book "Suicide" (about which at us ahead) ascertained speech: «It is possible to lose a life, refusing from food acceptance, in the same way, as well as by means of a knife or a shot». Gogol understands, that has made an awful, tragical mistake, original revolt against the God, having tried is artificial to remove the terrestrial end, and there and then, with despair, makes still bolshee a crime against the Lord — let and in the mild, passive form, but commits suicide … Certainly, it is difficult and even it is impossible for other reader to agree with the given affirmative assumption. Because suicide as a phenomenon of the validity for us, Post-Soviet people — terra incognita. Amazingly, but the fact: in the Soviet reference media, even in such solid as «the Big Soviet encyclopaedia» and «the Dictionary of foreign words», a word-concept "suicide" was absent. Having paraphrased the father of all people, it is possible to tell: there is no word — there is no problem. Certainly, if to start to understand seriously this alien to doctrines of "the Moral code of the builder of communism» to a theme, for example, it is necessary to admit-agree, that Sailors and Gastello the lives have committed suicide (that does not belittle their feats), and even at all it should to conduct-make the annual statistics of suicides in the country of blossoming and problemless socialism. Absolutely unsoluble riddle for any homo sapiens’а — suicide of other person. Still nerazreshimee it looks, when it ignore. Only in 1989 Goskomstat of the USSR for the first time for 50 (!) years has published the statistics of suicides in the collection: it has appeared — was what to hide. In 1975, for example, happens-has occurred in our country of 66 thousand suicides, in 1984 — 81 thousand. It means 30 persons from each hundred thousand happy Soviet people to build further the light future have not wished. While in France suicides in the same 1984 was — 22 persons on hundred thousand, in Germany — 21, in the USA — 12, in the Great Britain and at all — 9. And all over the world annually more half-millions the person lose a life, number attempting upon suicide, certainly, at 5-10 times more. At first, with neprivychki, figures only stun, and then force and to reflect. Well here, for example, we take such more exact data: in 1975 on hundred thousand inhabitants of the USSR 25,8 suicides, in 1980 — 26,9, in 1986 — 18,9, in 1989 — 25,7 … What eloquence of statistics have been made! How much people in reorganisation 1986 have suddenly found hopes, have wanted to live, and how much already soon, in 1989, razocharovalis-have despaired, have lost all and all hopes. Or to take a "national-geographical" number of figures: in 1991 in Russia 27 persons on hundred thousand inhabitants, in Belarus — 21,5, in Ukraine — 21,1, and here in Azerbaijan all — 1,6 have committed suicide. An enormous difference! And — a mysterious, not clear difference. Especially for those who was not a sign with E.Djurkgejma's already mentioned capital work "suicide". And read-knew it unless our great-grandfathers: «the sociological etude» Emilja Djurkgejma (1858—1917) left in France in 1897, in Russia it has been translated and published in 1912 and up to 1994 was not republished. Certainly, sociology — a science dullish, style «the classics of the western sociology» as it is presented Djurkgejm to summaries, could be and less heavy (however, maybe, here fault of the translator), details-repetitions in the book could be and less, but it is necessary to give due to the author: he has really managed thoroughly to analyse a phenomenon of suicide from the most various parties — social, moral and psychological, religious, ethnic, etc. Our problem does not include detailed analysis-analysis of treatise Djurkgejma, but give at least a dotted line we will designate a course of its reasonings and conclusions which are anyhow necessary for our reflexions about a suicide in general both suicide in a life and Dostoevsky's creativity in particular. The French sociologist already on the first pages formulates and accurately stipulates frameworks of the concept-object of research: «… each death which it is direct is called as suicide or oposredovanno grows out of the positive or negative act made by the victim if last knew this about its expecting results. Attempt at suicide is quite homogeneous action, but only not finished». In recently left and too modern G.Chhartishvili's capital research «the Writer and suicide» is resulted the formulation modern suitsidologa Morisa Farbera: «Suicide is a conscious, intended and fast deprivation of of a life». As we see, Farberu it was possible to formulate the same much more lakonichnee, but for our research that Djurkgejm was practically contemporary Dostoevsky is important, investigated that epoch, operated with concepts of XIX century. So, Djurkgejm asserts, that the suicide certificate is inherent only homo sapiens’у, and all histories-legends about the swans rushing, having combined wings, a stone downwards after death of the girlfriends, and about the dogs, refusing to accept food after death of the owners, — no more than imaginations of the people allocating animals by human feelings. Further the author writes and confirms with digital calculations, that «each society during the known historical moment has certain propensity to suicide». In this place of the book the author, be it our contemporary, could result as a vivid example "zigzag" of Russian-reorganisation data with eloquent difference of number of suicides in 1980-1989. Everyone, as is known, dies alone. And each suicide, apparently, too chooses the end itself, and its desperate decision would influence like especially specific features of nature — intellectual development, a condition of nervous system, circumstance of private life etc . But actually the suicide certificate is connected by hidden threads and with set, so to say, indirectly external reasons — a nationality, a residence, creed, political predilections, a social status … it is More than that, the statistics of suicides is influenced by a climate, a season and even time of days. Well, who could think, that the overwhelming majority of the despaired people (four from five!) Reduce an abacus with a life not at deaf and gloomy night, namely in the afternoon when this life around boils, rages and foams. And unless it is no wonder, that «the religion least inclined to suicide, namely iudejstvo, at the same time appears unique not forbidding it formally, and here the thought on immortality plays the least role …» Moreover, in the Bible, the book which Dostoevsky read and re-read constantly, in the Old testament, really does not contain any interdictions for deprivation of of a life. Suicide in the Bible moves as a feat natural and a unique exit from an impasse. Here, for example, tsar-commander Saul has suffered defeat from filistimljan. Israelis run. Enemies make up for them and amaze. Three sons Saula are killed already, and it is covered with wounds by arrows. «Also has told Saul oruzhenostsu to the: bare your sword, and pin up me it that these have not come not cut off, both have not killed me, and did not scoff it is necessary me. But oruzhenosets did not want; for very much was afraid. Then Saul took the sword and has fallen on it. Oruzhenosets it, having seen, that Saul has died, and itself has fallen on the sword and has died with it.» Saul understands-realises — the death is close and inevitable. It would Seem, what difference: own hand and its own sword will amaze, a hand correct oruzhenostsa or a hand enemy? No, only suicide — the best exit from a situation. It is more than that, not at once it is clear: and why, actually, so «very much was afraid» correct oruzhenosets to help the mister adequately to die? And the solution is simple: hardly further, at the very beginning of 2nd Book of Kingdoms, the episode of death Saula rasskazyvaetsja-moves already a little differently. To David the person from camp Saulova, amalikitjanin comes, and narrates about how has seen during battle of wounded man Saula which «has fallen on the spear (itself or not itself — is not quite clear), and enemies already overtook it. And Saul has asked this soldier:« Approach to me and kill me; for melancholy mortal objala me, my soul still in me ». The soldier complies with request Saula. And here David, otplakav after the given news and having torn apart on itself of clothes, suddenly questions terribly amalikitjanina:« As you were not afraid to lift a hand, to kill anointed sovereign Gospodnja? »The poor messenger something Also has not time to answer, somehow to be justified, as David orders to kill him, that immediately and is executed by the servant. In bible legends, in the Old testament, some more cases of suicides and without any censure are described. Here certain Ahitofel, the adviser-servant simultaneously and tsar David and its son Avessaloma (so to say, the servant of two misters), during their bloody civil strife has got confused in the intrigues and has decided to withdraw, eventually. And it is informed on it by the way, without any comments:« … also has made the will to the house, both has hung, and has died, and has been buried in a coffin of the father ». Usual business: the person (not very well as) has died and is buried adequately on customs of the people. And, for example, when has committed suicide (has set fire to a palace and the impostor who has killed the tsar Israeli Silt and established all for seven days on a throne censure in the Bible to its address contains, but not for suicide, and that during lifetime« has sinned has burnt down together with it) Zamvry, doing objectionable before eyes Dominical ». Djurkgejm the researches about interrelation of religion and suicide limits to three main European faiths — Catholicism, protestantizmom, with a Judaism and at all does not concern Orthodoxy. For us the relation of this religion to suicide for Dostoevsky was to the core the orthodox believer is important, despite all doubts and questions, and the New testament he not simply read and re-read, it verified, it is possible to tell, each important step with the Gospel till last literally minute of a life. And it is important to underline-note, that Orthodoxy unequivocally condemned and condemns suicide, severely punishes encroached on the life, refusing to them in a Christian ceremony of burial and predicting it eternal infernal torments, — at least, in XIX century it was so. It is considered to be, that the suicide in the New testament only one — Judas Iskariot. And, unlike antiquated colleagues on a way of death, — at all the hero. The traitor who has made most mean dirty treachery also is impossible — has betrayed the Teacher, Jesus Christ. Judas name became a synonym of words "traitor", "traitor", and thanking its vile act there was a new abusive word-concept — "hristoprodavets", and thirty srebrenikov have turned as though to a material, monetary criterion of treachery. By the way, the sum rather insignificant: so much the day worker of that time for four months on the average earned. About Judas suicide it is definitely told only in the Gospel from Matfeja: «… has gone and has hung». Other authors of the initial Gospel hold back the end of the traitor, only at Onions Jesus predicts still in good time: «… but a grief to that person in whom He indulges». Whether And where and as Judas Iskariota's corpse is buried and buried in general — in the New testament is not mentioned at all. Subsequently diligence of interpreters, interpreters and commentators of the Gospel the history of suicide of the apostle-traitor acquires details. For example, in «Sacred history in simple stories for reading at school and houses», made by archpriest Alexander Sokolovym in the last century, zhivopisuetsja so: «Judas has thrown it (to high priests and elders who have employed it as the traitor. — N. N) srebreniki, has followed the city, has found there a high tree, has chosen a knot which is stronger, took a scrap of any old cord, has adhered it to a bough, has made a loop, has pushed a head in a loop and was hung up». But Judas in the New testament — the suicide not unique is time to state and rather, maybe, blasphemous thought, that. In essence, Jesus Christ, voluntary having ascended to a cross for the sake of mankind rescue, has made the real altruistic suicide. And early Christians, after It, hundreds as voluntary accepted martyr death from hands of barbarians or killed itself, for what has been canonised subsequently by official church. It is more than if it is correct, that the life and death of each person depends only on will of the Lord of the God (uniform hair will not fall from a head!) then, naturally, and any end of terrestrial existence homo sapiens’а — including self-destructive, — so to say, is authorised by It … Similar thoughts-assumptions can call indignation other believers, but, it appears, in XVII century the English poet, the philosopher and cleric John Donne in the treatise "Biatanatos" tried to prove, that Jesus Christ has committed suicide. And hardly later, in 1777, there was a work of other Englishman-freethinker David Juma «About suicide» where the following thesis has been put forward: «… when I rush on own sword, I as receive death by hand Deities as well as when its reason were a lion, a precipice or a fever». Thus, known wisdom has once again proved to be true, that all on light is already told, and our problem — to repeat already known for the words. However, we have strongly distracted from book Djurkgejma already enough, and in it judgements interesting to us and conclusions contain many. And most, maybe, capital from them, that there are three sorts of suicide — egoistical, altruistic and anomichnoe. Egoistical suicide — is clear: the person has absolutely lost meaning of the life, has lost all communications with other people. Altruistic too it is defined accurately: for the individual the meaning of the life is concluded out of her. And here with anomichnym suicide a question difficult enough. This concept (from frants. anomie — absence of the law, the organisation) has entered into scientific use itself Djurkgejm. And he recognises, that between anomichnym and egoistical very close relationship exists suicide kinds. Anomichnoe suicide «is defined by the chaotic, not regulated human activity and sufferings accompanying it». And if egoistical suicide is extended basically in the environment of intelligency, in sphere intellectual there anomichnyj the suicide kind is inherent in dealers, to industrialists and other, as though we have now told, to businessmen. Strongly not to press in specific boring matters, we will explain simply, that anomichnym it is possible to consider the suicide certificate when, for example, the person has taken in head to be beaten out from a dirt in knjazi, but anything at it it has not turned out, here it and has imposed on itself(himself) hands. Or: veins-veins rich, yes it was suddenly ruined — too anomichno the important reason for deprivation of of a life. It is natural, that during the periods of economic shocks-crises the quantity anomichnyh suicides sharply increases. However, Djurkgejm except concept «economic anomija» enters also terms «anomija house», «anomija family», that is it is a question of cases when the person on suicide is pushed with family accident — widowhood or divorce. Here, to admit, it is absolutely difficult to agree with the author of the book — very much it resembles such kind of an egoistical suicide when the individual finishes with itself after loss of the liked person, not wishing to suffer. 2 Alas, all of us are mortal. All of us — ripening corpses. Memento mori!.  <<<(P. 0) (P. 2)>>>
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© Rosedkin Sergey Nikolaevich, 2001
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