- Sergey Rosedkin -
		The encyclopaedia "Dostoevsky"
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M: Algorithm, 2003. Montenegro; podgoritsa: TSIP, 2004. (In the Serbian language) M: Algorithm, 2 izd., 2008. AND IN G D	THE ENCYCLOPEDIA DOSTOEVSKY THE FOREWORD About Dostoevsky thousand books, miriady are written. And still the given work is allocated in this immense sea research and a reference media. For the first time in world dostoevskovedenii under one cover data practically about all products of the writer (written and unwritten), its heroes, the people surrounding Dostoevsky, the concepts anyhow connected with his name are collected. Not only are collected, but also are located in very convenient order. Important and that this work, despite entsiklopedichnost, — author's: that is possesses the individual style, a rhythm, intonation and besides it is written without the excessive academism, accessible language. Thus the author has tried to avoid partiality: the edition carries purely informative and as much as possible objective character — any polemic, any estimations, any disputable hypotheses, any praises or censures to another's texts (practically, names dostoevskovedov and names of their works are resulted only in section «the Literature on Dostoevsky»). The main sources of citing — Dostoevsky's texts (works of art, publicism, letters, note writing-books) and memoirs of contemporaries on him. "Encyclopaedia" consists from 3‑х the basic sections: "Products", "Characters" and «Round Dostoevsky». The section I contains without small 150 articles. Here all art and publicistic products (except attributed to Dostoevsky), and also the basic unfulfilled plans (about which were saved, besides the name, though any data on a plot, heroes), the most significant notes and Dostoevsky-editor's forewords to products of other authors are switched on. The product name — a semiboldface font by capital letters without inverted commas (names editorial, for example, <CAPS>, are given in angular brackets) is resulted; author's genre definition (if is) — a semiboldface font; an author's subtitle — semiboldface italics; further are specified a genre (if it does not coincide with author's definition), a place of the first publication, year, number of the edition and in brackets in the Roman figures volume PSS in which product — for example is placed is specified: the WHITE NIGHTS. The sentimental novel (From memoirs of the dreamer). The story. OZ, 1848, № 12. (II). More low the basic characters, the product summary, history of its creation and the publication are in alphabetic order listed. Art and some especially significant publicistic products from «the Diary of the writer» are taken out in separate articles. Section II. Here data on the basic characters of works of art of Dostoevsky (from above 530) — having a name and more or less operating, and not just mentioned are given. In some cases when neither the name, nor a surname of the hero are not named, it is deduced under "pseudonym"-definition under what appears in a narration more often, for example: the General, the Boy, the Dreamer … Personal articles are awarded some "heroes" the-animals who are playing a part in a plot (dog Amishka, goat Vaska, horse Tankred …) It is resulted a full surname, a name, a patronymic or a surname, or a name of the character (the capital writing designates the basic part); in need of brackets also the semiboldface font specifies a name under what the hero appears in a narration more often, for example: DEMENTYEV Sergey (Mikolka), or other variant of a name, a patronymic or a surname: BLANCHE (mademoiselle Blanche; Blansh; m-lle Zelma); LOUISE (Laviza) IVANOVNA. Further in brackets the product name in which the given hero operates, then the cores data available about him is given: a title, a rank, a social status, a trade, a post, etc ., after that — data on degree of its relationship or mutual relations with other characters. After that the portrait of the hero, its characteristic (author's or other characters) and a dotted line of its role in a narration are resulted. It is necessary to underline once again, that, unlike a similar sort of editions, not subjective opinions-reasonings of separate literary critics and critics on the hero, and actual textual data on him with the minimum comment here are given. In conclusion of article data (if they are) about communication of the character with heroes of other products of Dostoevsky and probable prototypes are specified. The section III unites entries of three kinds (them is more than 700): data on the people anyhow connected with Dostoevsky: native, close, familiar, and also figures of the literature, a science, public thought, etc ., with which the writer was not personally familiar, but without which «Dostoevsky's world» to present it is impossible (O de Balzac,  L.N.Tolstoy ); short data on geographical places (Staraya Russa), establishments (the Main engineering school), editions ("Time"), etc ., connected with the biography of the writer; some words-concepts often meeting in texts of Dostoevsky or having especially specific great value in its creativity and a life (frappirovat, pochvennichestvo to retire to the background). In articles about a personnel the surname, a name, a patronymic, years of the life, the most general biographic data and, the main thing, data about communications of the person with Dostoevsky are specified. Clearly, that this section could include thousand names, but hardly it is necessary to mention-tell separately, for example, each convict of the Omsk jail or the pupil of board L.I.Chermaka  whom as the fates decree Dostoevsky videlsja-met but which have not left the slightest trace in his life. Frameworks of one volume have caused szhatost and brevity of giving of a material. But, it appears, even such short data in 1‑м section about the novel or to lead as a whole and data in 2‑м about all heroes of product give in aggregate full representation about him, and the short biographic sketch opening "Encyclopedia", and materials 3‑го section draw full enough history of a life and Dostoevsky's creativity. To the same who will want to meet more widely a material, the list of editions about the writer in the end of the book becomes the help. For convenience of readers headings of articles in articles, contrary to "encyclopaedic" rules, are given completely, instead of in reduction. Also in a kind of that the edition is calculated on the mass reader, the text is not blocked up with excessive references to sources: at citing of texts of Dostoevsky the name of product and, as a rule, the head (prose and publicism), date (letters), on occasion — volume and page PSS (note writing-books, draught copies) are specified; the reference to another's texts is given only at direct citing — in square brackets. In Dostoevsky's texts the word-concept "God" and its pronominal equivalents are resulted from a capital letter as they and were written without fail in XIX century Italics in the text (except citations and conditional reductions) allocates the words which have been taken out in separate articles. Transfers with foreign in citations are given there and then in square brackets. Finish the encyclopaedia following sections: «the List of conditional reductions», «the Basic dates of a life and Dostoevsky's creativity», "Literature" (here are brought, basically, those editions which have been to some extent used at creation of given "Encyclopedia"), «the Summary index».   Poetess E.J.Kuzminoj-Karavaevoj (known more as — mother Maria) posesses remarkable words: «Without exaggeration it is possible to tell, that Dostoevsky's phenomenon was a certain side in consciousness of people. And all who thinks now after it, it is possible to divide on two groups: one — have tested on themselves its influence, there have passed through a flour and grief which it opens in the world, steels“ Dostoevsky's people ”. And if they have up to the end followed its thought, as well as it, can speak:“ Through a hearth of doubts I osanna has passed ”. And other people, — Dostoevsky's not tested influences. Sometimes they too bear the osannu. But to it it is easier for bearing, because they do not spend her through a hearth of doubts. They — are always more naive and easier, than Dostoevsky's people, they have not concerned any last secret in human life and, maybe, it is easier to them to like the person, but also it is easier to disappear from this love …» Here it «Dostoevsky's people» also devotes given "Encyclopedia" including all that uncountable dostoevskovedam, the author has read-has studied whose works for more than 30-year-old history of the indefatigable travel to Dostoevsky's world. In such book contradicting on a plan prutkovskomu «It is impossible objat immense», omissions and errors, certainly not to pass. Responses, wishes, remarks, it is possible to send offers not only on the publishing house address, but also to the author by e-mail or to leave them in the Guest book on its personal site. In advance — thanks! F.  M.DOSTOEVSKY (A short biographic sketch) On Thursday on January, 29th, 1881 in Petersburg traditional evening of memory  of Ampere-second was arranged . Pushkin. 44 years from the date of its  destruction were executed. Organizers of evening did not doubt, that the hall will be overflowed, for in advance have notified in posters, that Dostoevsky will take part in him. The glory of this writer has reached by then in Russia of apogee. The novel publication «Brothers Karamazovy» has just ended, Dostoevsky's personal magazine «Diary of the writer» dispersed in impressive circulation, shortly before that at opening of a monument to Pushkin in Moscow Feodor Mihajlovicha's speech has made furore, became true event. Hundreds people wrote to Dostoevsky letters, newspapers dazzled with his name, on public readings with its participation the people brought down crowds … But, alas, on the eve of Pushkin mourning evening, on Wednesday on January, 28th, Dostoevsky itself already laid in a coffin. It has burnt down in three days from an aggravation of the chronic illness — emphysemas of lungs. He has lived 59 years and incomplete 3 months, and here already more than hundred years continue to live actively among us the ingenious products. According to UNESCO, Dostoevsky today — one of the most readable writers in the world. Certainly, there are many people who do not like, do not understand and do not perceive Dostoevsky's prose. Such people it is simply a pity. * * * Feodor Mihajlovich Dostoevsky was born on October, 30th/11 November n. The item / 1821 in Moscow, in a family of the doctor of hospital for poor (which later, in 1828 , will receive the name — Mariinsky) Michael Andreevicha Dostoevsky. The hospital was on okrainnoj then to street Bozhedomke (nowadays: Dostoevsky's street, d. 2), Dostoevsky's apartment settled down in the right wing (if to look from street), soon a family has got over in the left wing where in close rooms among numerous brothers and sisters there has passed the childhood of the future writer. Feodor was especially amicable with senior brother-pogodkom Michael with whom they together were engaged the at home under supervision of the father and coming teachers, then together studied in L.I.Chermaka's closed private board  . In the spring of 1837 mother of family,   M.F.Dostoevskaja, and soon the father dies of a consumption  brings Michael and Feodor to Petersburg where both brothers are engaged in   K.F.Kostomarov's preparatory board  after which termination should enter the Main Engineering school. However the big brother has not passed a medical board, and Feodor, having studied almost 6 years, has received a rank of the second lieutenant and has begun service in Engineering department. The father has died by then, and already nobody in forces was to prevent the future writer to make the fatal decision: in a year he retires and completely devotes itself to the literature. By then, in 1844 , the Repertoire and the Pantheon »its first creative experience — translation of the novel Onore de Balzac"Evgenie Grande"have already been published in magazine«. In May, 1845 Dostoevsky has finished the debut novel «Poor people» which has called almost unanimous approval, at once has brought to it glory in literary circles, has entered it into a circle of writers of "natural school», grouped round   V.G.Belinsky. The subsequent products of the beginning author — "Double", "Mister Proharchin", "Mistress", etc. — such tremendous success any more had no, on the contrary, have called squall of sharp criticism, including from the party «violent Vissariona». The young writer, from the first step set for itself extremely high creative lath, painfully perceived unfair as it seemed to it, attacks and persistently continued to work: he hoped, had a presentiment and knew, that he should tell, new, a word in the literature. In the end of it, early, the period of the creativity Dostoevsky creates the story "White nights" and the first part of the novel «netochka nezvanova» — products which take till now a visible place in a creative heritage of the writer. Meanwhile, since 1847 he has started to visit meetings of a secret society   of M.V.PetraYoshevskogo, and hardly becomes also the participant of the circle organised considerably adjusted petrashevtsem by N.A.Speshnevym later  , dreaming «to make revolution in Russia». On one of meetings at Petrashevsky Dostoevsky has read the letter of Belinsky extending illegally to N.  To V.Gogol that has served subsequently as the main accusatory point against it during the investigation. The author «Poor people» have arrested together with others petrashevtsami on April, 23rd, 1849 and have concluded in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In some months it has been sentenced among other companions on a secret society to a death penalty «through rasstreljanie». On December, 22nd, 1849 the sentenced have deduced on a scaffold, all preliminary ceremony of a death penalty has been executed to trifles, but in the latest second execution has been stopped on "favour" of the tsar. The definitive highest verdict to Dostoevsky was that: four years of a hard labour and subsequently — service in army the private soldier. Penal servitude the writer left in Omsk a jail, and since 1854 has begun soldier's service in Semipalatinsk. After Sergey's death I Dostoevsky under the petition of the high-ranking admirers of its talent has been made in officers, there were hopes to return by the present life, the literature. In February, 1857 ensign Dostoevsky married the widow of local official M.D.Isaevoj  . Marriage has appeared not so long and not absolutely happy. Maria Dmitrievna was ill with a consumption, illness progressed, being reflected on and without that not easy character of this nervous woman, and has sent it to the grave in 1864‑м. However at the beginning Dostoevsky was hotly enamoured, happy, vital changes to the best, settled family-family life promoted returning, after the long-term compelled break, to creative activity. In Siberia he creates two comic, vaudevillian stories (and it after penal servitude and soldatchiny!) — «The Uncle's dream» and «Village Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants». Unfortunately, Dostoevsky's hopes these things (especially — "Village Stepanchikovym") triumphally to return at once in the literature, completely to restore the literary name — were not justified: neither the then criticism, nor reader's public of the Siberian stories of the author «Poor people» practically have not noticed. In 1859 Dostoevsky full of plans, creative plans and hopes, comes back to the European Russia. It was forbidden to it to live in capitals, and at the beginning the writer with the wife and the stepson settle in Tver (served subsequently country town "prototype", in "Demons"), but in some months it manages to obtain the permission to return to Petersburg. And from now on, from the beginning 1860‑х , there is as though a rebirth of the writer. Ahead there was all third of vital term for which it was fated to it to create over 90 percent of the creative heritage (in academic 30-languid PSS products dokatorzhnogo the period occupy only 2 volumes), to become the genius of Russian and world literature. After returning to Petersburg Dostoevsky's journal and editorial activity also begins. Together with brother Michael (which by then was already enough known critic and the fiction writer) it bases magazine "Time" which has become for short time by one of the most popular periodic literary editions. On "Time" pages there are products which return and increase glory already to absolutely almost forgotten author of "Poor people» — «Humiliated and offended» and «Notes from the Dead house» … But soon, in the spring 1863‑го, magazine "Time" has been forbidden, and the new magazine of brothers of Dostoevskys based after a while on its ashes "Epoch", for various reasons, already success such reader's, accordingly, had no financial and in a year its edition should be stopped. And in general became one of the most black in Dostoevsky's life 1864 : one behind another the family — the wife, the brother, the friend and the colleague under the literature poet Ap dies.  A.Grigoriev; suffers crash journal activity; it gets to the most severe and long-term servitude to creditors; more and more painful there are relations with the woman whom he passionately liked — Apollinariej Suslovoj … But under the law black-and-white polosatosti lives comes soon in Feodor Mihajlovicha's destiny and the light period noted by two grandiose events: he conceives and creates-writes the first novel from the «great pjatiknizhija» a "Crime and punishment" and meets on the course of life Anna Grigorevnu Snitkinu who could become his wife, mother of its children and the irreplaceable assistant in creativity till the end of a life. Right after weddings, in April, 1867 , being rescued from creditors, Dostoevsky with the young wife has left, as it planned, for some months abroad. Voluntary emigration has lasted more 4‑х years, they lived, basically, in Dresden and Geneva. On foreign land the writer creates one of the most liked novels "Idiot", writes the story «Eternal husband», begins job over the novel "Demons". In the summer of 1871 Dostoevskys return home. Abroad at them two daughters — the Sleepyhead (died soon after a birth) and Ljuba, and after vozrashchenija home — sons Feodor and Alexey (which too has died in infancy) were born. After the job termination over "Demons" Dostoevsky has addressed again to journal activity: at first it becomes the editor of magazine "Citizen" published  by prince V.P.Meshcherskim on which pages «the Diary of the writer» pojavljaetsja-is born, and then, in 1876 , bases and starts to let out individually the separate edition as a monthly under such name. «The diary of the writer» made unusual success at readers, circulation of its dews, multiplying Dostoevsky's glory — the writer and the publicist. On pages DP a number of its innovative works of art written in a genre of "fantastic realism» is published: "Bobok", "Mild", «the Dream of the ridiculous person» … In a break between leaving from "Citizen" and the basis of "the Diary of the writer» Dostoevsky writes the novel-confession "Teenager", and in the last years of life from under its feather there is a grandiose creation of the writer most, maybe, — «Brothers Karamazovy». It was going to to write continuation of this novel, but on January, 28th/9 February/, 1881 the life of the genius has broken … * * * Shortly before death when from all ends of Russia addressed to Dostoevsky hundreds letters from the admired readers and admirers came, newspapers and magazines, on the contrary, have undertaken unprecedented persecution of the author of "Brothers Karamazovyh», in every possible way scoffing over its prophetical «Pushkin speech» (1880). And here the harassed and sick writer in one of letters reads: «Dear Feodor Mihajlovich! As your adherent as your admirer, the most ardent, the most passionate (though I am younger than you for the whole three decades), I beg you not to pay attention to the risen bark of that rack which is called the current press. Alas, it is destiny of everyone who speaks a live word, instead of repeats to please to a fashion trite phrases, in taste, napr <imer>, modern pseudo-liberalism. Believe, that the number of your admirers is great … you throw a seed in the heart of Russian person, and a seed it hardy and fruitfully, I am deeply convinced of it …» Under the letter the signature and a return address: zemsky the doctor V.Nikolsky, village Abakumovka of the Tambov district. (Volgin, 326) As rights there was this young zemsky the doctor from under gluhomannogo Tambov! Simeon, posejannye Dostoevsky in our souls, are hardy and fruitful. In the same Pushkin speech final words sounded so: «Pushkin has died in full development of the forces and has undoubtedly carried away with itself in a coffin some great secret. And here we without it solve now this secret …» And these words can be carried to Dostoevsky completely. We still should solve and solve secrets of the world which was created by Dostoevsky. Great Russian writer-prophet. (Further the encyclopaedia fragment is presented: letters A-D) (The summary index)>>>
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© Rosedkin Sergey Nikolaevich, 2001
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